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The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental network of molecules within connective tissue that surrounds cells and provides structural and biochemical support. It consists of a variety of proteins such as collagen and elastin, glycoproteins such as fibronectin and laminin, as well as proteoglycans, which together form the physical architecture of the tissue and are crucial for cellular processes such as adhesion, migration, differentiation and signal transmission. The specific composition and structure of the ECM in different tissue types reflects their functional requirements: in bones, collagen and mineral deposits provide strength, while in cartilage proteoglycans increase the ability to bind water and thus absorb shocks.
As an integral part of connective tissue, the ECM plays a key role in wound healing and tissue regeneration by providing a supportive scaffold for the growth of new cells. Disruptions in its function or composition can lead to diseases such as fibrosis, cancer and metastatic spread. Studying the ECM and its interactions with cells provides valuable insights into pathological processes and contributes to the development of new therapeutic approaches, emphasizing the importance of the ECM not only as a structural network, but also as an active participant in the maintenance of tissue health and function.
