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Melanin is a natural pigment that is responsible for the coloration of skin, hair and eyes in humans and animals. It is produced in specialized cells called melanocytes, which are found in the lower layer of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) and in other parts of the body, such as the iris of the eye and the hair follicle. Melanin plays an important role in protecting the skin from UV radiation, as it absorbs UV light and protects the skin from the harmful effects of sun exposure, including skin cancer.
Melanin occurs in two main forms: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Eumelanin, the more common type, contributes to darker pigmentation and exists in shades of brown and black, offering more effective protection against UV radiation. Pheomelanin, on the other hand, produces a reddish to yellow coloration, is typical for people with red hair and light skin and offers less protection against UV radiation. As a result, people with a high level of pheomelanin are more sensitive to sunlight and have a higher risk of sunburn and UV-related skin damage.
In addition to these two main forms, there is also neuromelanin, which is found in different areas of the brain and does not play the same role in the pigmentation of the skin, hair or eyes. The function of neuromelanin is not yet fully understood, but it is thought to contribute to the protection of nerve cells.
The amount and type of melanin produced is genetically determined, although environmental factors such as sunlight exposure can influence melanin production. The differences in skin color among people are mainly due to differences in the amount and type of melanin produced in the skin.
Related terms: eumelanin / pheomelanin / neuromelanin
