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An underactive thyroid, also known as hypothyroidism, is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. These hormones, mainly thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are essential for regulating the body’s metabolism. They influence numerous bodily functions, including energy production, heart rate and body temperature.
Hypothyroidism can have various causes. The most common cause worldwide is an iodine deficiency in the diet, as iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones. In countries where iodized salt is common, the most frequent cause is an autoimmune disease called Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. In this disease, the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and reduces its ability to produce hormones. Other causes can include thyroid surgery, certain medications and a number of other health conditions.
Hypothyroidism is usually diagnosed by blood tests that measure the levels of thyroid hormones in the blood and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is released by the pituitary gland to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce hormones.
Treatment for hypothyroidism mainly consists of taking levothyroxine, a synthetic thyroid hormone, on a daily basis to help replace the missing hormones and relieve symptoms. The dosage needs to be individualized, and patients with this condition need regular blood tests to ensure they are receiving the right amount of medication. With appropriate treatment, most people with hypothyroidism can lead a normal, active life.
Related terms: thyroid gland / hyperthyroidism
